References
1. Hillman D, Mitchell S, Streatfeild J, et al. The economic cost of inadequate sleep. Sleep 2018;41(8). Epub 2018 Jun 4.
2. Claughton D. Farmers cite daylight saving’s work and health impacts, vote for it to be cut back. ABC Rural. 2924. At: www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2024-07-25/farmers-want-daylight-saving-months-shortened/104125708
3. Shi T, Min M, Sun C, et al. Does insomnia predict a high risk of cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Sleep Res 2020;29(1):e12876.
4. Perlis, ML, Smith MT, Pigeon W. Etiology and Pathophysiology of insomnia. In Principals and practice of sleep medicine. Elsevier, 2005. p.714–25. At: www.med.upenn.edu/cbti/assets/user-content/documents/PPSMChapter6.pdf
5. Steedman E. Why do I keep waking up during the night? Here’s how to improve your winter sleep. 2024. At: www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-06/how-to-improve-your-winter-sleep/103991558
6. Logan T. Record-breaking autumn heatwave over south-east Australia hints at growing trend. 2024. At: www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-12/heatwave-over-south-east-australia/103572236
7. Sleep Health Foundation. Insomnia. 2024. At: www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/insomnia-2#:~:text=How%20common%20is%20insomnia%3F,have%20at%20least%20mild%20insomnia.
8. Australasian Sleep Association. Health professionals information. Shift work. On-the-spot management information for health professionals – shift work sleep disorder. 2020. At: https://sleep.org.au/common/Uploaded%20files/Public%20Files/Professional%20resources/Adult%20resources/Shiftwork%20Disorder_0617.pdf
9. Sleep Health Foundation. Common sleep disorders. 2023. At: www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/common-sleep-disorders
10. Hale L, Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Sleep Med Rev 2015;21:50–8.
11. Reynolds A, Appleton S, Gill T, et al. Chronic insomnia disorder in Australia: a report to the Sleep Health Foundation. Sleep Health Foundation Special Report. 2019. At: www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/special-sleep-reports/chronic-insomnia-disorder-in-australia
12. Ree M, Junge M, Cunnington D. Australasian Sleep Association position statement regarding the use of psychological/behavioral treatments in the management of insomnia in adults. Sleep Medicine 2017;36(Suppl 1):S43–7. At: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28648226/
13. Sweetman A, Lovato N, Haycock J, et al. Insomnia treatment. Improved access to effective nondrug options. Medicine Today 2020;21(11)14–20.
14. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice. 10th edn. East Melbourne, Vic: RACGP, 2024. At:
www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/8f57912d-11bd-47c9-9d24-81a2301e9fe2/Guidelines-for-preventive-activities-in-general-practice.aspx
15. Australian Government Australian Institute of Family Studies. Are children and adolescents getting enough sleep? In: The longitudinal study of Australian children. 2019. At: https://growingupinaustralia.gov.au/research-findings/annual-statistical-reports-2018/are-children-and-adolescents-getting-enough-sleep?_ga=2.168509095.78394973.1648428449-1794046761.1648162847
16–18, 20, 21. Adams RJ, Appleton SL, Taylor AW, et al. Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016: results of the 2016 Sleep Health Foundation national survey. Sleep Health 2017;3(1):35–42.
19. Australian Institute for Health and Welfare. Sleep problems as a risk factor for chronic conditions. 2021. At: www.aihw.gov.au/reports/risk-factors/sleep-problems-as-a-risk-factor/data
22. Sweetman A, Putland S, Lack L, et al. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sedative-hypnotic use: a narrative review. Sleep Med Rev 2021;56:101404. At: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33370637/
23. Treatment guidelines for pharmacists: insomnia. In: Sansom LN, ed. Australian pharmaceutical formulary and handbook. 2024. At: https://apf.psa.org.au
24. Australian Sleep Association. Insomnia – Chronic insomnia / insomnia disorder: pathogenesis, risk factors & development. 2024. At: www.sleepprimarycareresources.org.au/insomnia/risk-factors-and-development
25. Sweetman A, Andronis C, Hancock K, et al. General practitioner assessment and management of insomnia in adults. Aust J Gen Pract 2023;52(10). At: www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/october/general-practitioner-assessment-and-management-of


Team PSA 2026: Caroline Diamantis FPS, Prof Mark Naunton MPS and Bridget Totterman MPS[/caption]
A/Prof Fei Sim and Prof Mark Naunton[/caption]

Clinical features
Warm compresses are the cornerstone of treatment, helping to soften the lesion, bring pus to the surface and encourage spontaneous drainage. A clean face cloth soaked in warm (not hot) water should be applied to the closed eyelid for 2–5 minutes, twice daily during the active phase. Once the stye begins to drain, any discharge should be gently wiped away using a clean, warm washcloth. After resolution, continuing warm compresses once daily may help prevent recurrence.2 






